Research Library | Research Compound Science & Guides | RemedyX Labs

In-depth research articles on research compounds, GLP compounds, and biochemical mechanisms. Science-backed guides for qualified investigators, sourced from RemedyX Labs.

• LC-MS/MS Confirmation of CJC-1295 in Equine Plasma After Immunoaffinity Capture
• Tirzepatide: A Systematic Review of Dual GIP/GLP-1 Agonism, Phase 3 SURPASS Trial Results, and Cardiovascular Potential
• Tirzepatide Weight Loss and Safety Across 10 RCTs: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
• Tirzepatide Once Weekly Produces Up to 20.9% Weight Loss in 72-Week Phase 3 Obesity Trial: SURMOUNT-1
• Tirzepatide for Overweight and Obesity: A Review of the SURMOUNT Program and Emerging Evidence Gaps
• Mapping the Active Sites of Thymosin Beta-4: How Distinct Peptide Sequences Drive Repair, Angiogenesis, and Anti-Inflammation
• Intravenous Thymosin Beta-4 in Healthy Volunteers: Safety and Pharmacokinetics from a Randomized Controlled Trial
• Real-World Semaglutide Use in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes: BMI, Weight, and HbA1c Outcomes from the All of Us Program
• Semaglutide Benefits and Risks: A Comprehensive Narrative Review of Mechanism, Efficacy, and Safety Considerations
• Semaglutide 2.4 mg Reduces Weight and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors vs. Untreated Controls: A Propensity-Matched Real-World Study
• Higher-Dose Semaglutide 7.2 mg Once Weekly Outperforms 2.4 mg in the Phase 3b STEP UP Trial
• Real-World Weight Loss with Semaglutide at Trial Doses: A Retrospective Cohort Study
• Sustained Weight Loss with Semaglutide 2.4 mg Over 104 Weeks: The STEP 5 Trial
• Semaglutide Produces Sustained Weight Loss Over 4 Years in Obesity Without Diabetes: SELECT Trial Analysis
• Semaglutide for Weight Loss in Non-Diabetic Adults: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials
• SS-31 Improves Mitochondrial Function in Human Degenerative Tenocytes from Supraspinatus Tendon
• Intranasal Bremelanotide in Men Who Did Not Respond to Sildenafil: A Randomized Controlled Trial
• Long-Term Bremelanotide Safety and Sustained Efficacy in HSDD: 52-Week Open-Label Extension Data
• Bremelanotide for HSDD: Results from Two Phase 3 Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trials (RECONNECT)
• Bremelanotide Enhances Subjective Sexual Desire and Arousal in Premenopausal Women: A Preliminary Double-Blind Study
• Elamipretide Reverses Age-Associated S-Glutathionylation and Phosphorylation Changes in Mouse Heart Proteins
• Bremelanotide (PT-141) for Female Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder: Mechanism, Efficacy, and Safety Review
• NAD+ Therapy in Age-Related Degenerative Disorders: A Systematic Review of Preclinical and Clinical Evidence
• Nicotinamide Riboside Supplementation Shows Promising Cerebrovascular and Cognitive Effects in Peripheral Artery Disease: A Pilot Study
• NAD+ Precursor Supplementation Improves Blood Lipids but Raises Fasting Glucose: A Meta-Analysis of 40 Human Trials
• SS-31 as a Mitochondria-Targeted Antioxidant: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Applications Across Disease Models
• NAD+ in Regenerative Medicine: Cellular Aging Mechanisms and Pathways to Restoration
• Roles of NAD+ in Health and Aging: Pathways, Decline, and Emerging Clinical Directions
• NAD+ Supplementation for Anti-Aging and Wellness: Biological Activity Is Clear, Clinical Benefits Remain Inconclusive
• NAD+-Boosting Supplements in Humans: Precursors Raise Metabolites, Functional Outcomes Remain Inconsistent
• Safety and Effectiveness of NAD+ and NADH Supplementation in Humans: A Systematic Review of RCTs
• Serum MOTS-c Correlates Positively with Muscle Mass and Power in Physically Active Adults
• MOTS-c Regulates Skeletal Muscle Mass and Glucose Uptake via Direct CK2 Activation
• MOTS-c, Diabetes, and Aging: Current Evidence and Research Gaps
• MOTS-c in Human Aging and Age-Related Diseases: A Narrative Review
• MOTS-c Is an Exercise-Induced, Mitochondrial-Encoded Regulator of Age-Dependent Physical Decline in Mice and Humans
• MOTS-c: A Comprehensive Review of Its Discovery, Mechanisms, Disease Associations, and Translational Challenges
• MOTS-c Mechanisms in Stress, Metabolism, and Aging: A 2023 Review
• MOTS-c: A Mitochondrial-Encoded Peptide That Regulates Insulin Sensitivity and Metabolic Homeostasis in Mice
• Oral Mucosal Pigmentation Following Melanotan II Self-Injection: A Three-Month Case Report
• Chronic MC1R Agonist Use: An Overview of Benefits and Risks from Approved and Unapproved Melanocortin Compounds
• KPV and MC3R Agonists Suppress NF-κB Signaling in Airway Epithelium via Distinct Anti-Inflammatory Mechanisms
• Chronic Ipamorelin Treatment Alters Somatotroph Secretion Granule Density and GH Responsiveness in Rat Pituitary Cells
• Ipamorelin Accelerates Gastric Emptying in a Rodent Model of Postoperative Ileus via Ghrelin Receptor Mechanisms
• GHK-Cu as a Candidate Anti-Aging Peptide: Evidence from Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Tissue Remodeling Research
• An Immuno-PCR Assay for Ultrasensitive Detection of CJC-1295 in Equine Plasma
• Netnographic Analysis of Female Self-Reported Use of CJC-1295 in Online Bodybuilding Forums
• Mass Spectrometric Identification of CJC-1295 in an Unknown Pharmaceutical Preparation Submitted to Authorities
• Proteomic Biomarkers of GH and IGF-1 Action After CJC-1295 Administration in Healthy Men
• Thymosin Beta-4 and Ocular Research: From Laboratory Discovery to Clinical Investigation for Corneal Wound Healing
• Identification and Characterization of the Ac-LKKTETQ Fragment of Thymosin Beta-4 Found in TB-500 Preparations
• Advances in Basic and Clinical Applications of Thymosin β4: A 2015 Review of Tissue Repair Research and Clinical Programs
• Thymosin β4 and Angiogenesis: Mechanisms of Action and Therapeutic Potential in Wound Healing and Ischemic Disease
• Thymosin Beta-4 and Its Derivative Ac-SDKP in Experimental Cardiac Repair After Infarction
• Analytical Methods for TB-500 Detection in Equine Doping Control: Characterizing a Synthetic Thymosin β4 Fragment
• Skeletal Muscle MOTS-c Increases with Healthy Aging in Men Despite Declining Plasma Levels
• Thymosin β4: Biology, Tissue Repair, Angiogenesis, and Clinical Development Status — A 2021 Review
• First-in-Human Study of Recombinant Human Thymosin β4: Well-Tolerated Across Seven Ascending Doses with Linear Pharmacokinetics
• BPC-157 in Tissue Repair and Pain Modulation: Preclinical Mechanisms and the Gap to Clinical Validation
• Intravenous BPC-157 Tolerated Without Adverse Events in a Two-Participant IRB-Approved Pilot Study
• BPC-157 for Musculoskeletal Healing: Robust Preclinical Evidence but Minimal Human Data — A 2025 Scoping Review
• BPC-157 and the Central Nervous System: A Review of Animal Studies on CNS Injury, Neurological Models, and Gut-Brain Axis Effects
• BPC-157's Pleiotropic Preclinical Profile and Regulatory Context: A 2025 Review of Mechanisms and Patent Activity
• Tesamorelin Increases Skeletal Muscle Density and Area in HIV-Positive Patients Who Respond to Visceral Fat Treatment
• Tesamorelin Increases Fat Density on CT in HIV Patients, Indicating Improved Adipocyte Quality Beyond Volume Reduction
• Tesamorelin Reduces Visceral and Hepatic Fat in HIV Patients on Integrase Inhibitor–Based Antiretroviral Regimens
• Elamipretide Modestly Slows BAX Recruitment but Does Not Prevent Cytochrome c Release During Apoptosis in Retinal Cells
• SS-31's Renal Protective Mechanisms: Pharmacokinetics and Evidence Across Kidney Disease Models
• Chemical Cross-Linking Mass Spectrometry Maps the Mitochondrial Protein Interaction Landscape of SS-31
• Injectable Peptide Therapy in Orthopaedics: A Narrative Review Finds Preclinical Promise but No Validated Human Evidence for BPC-157 or Related Peptides
• Tesamorelin as a Growth Hormone Releasing Factor Analogue: Early Development and Phase III Evidence in HIV-Related Lipodystrophy
• Elamipretide Improves Mitochondrial ADP Sensitivity in Aging by Enhancing Adenine Nucleotide Translocator Function
• Elamipretide Attenuates LPS-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Restores Synaptic Plasticity and Memory in Mice
• Elamipretide's Structure, Cardiolipin Binding Mechanism, and Therapeutic Potential: A 2025 Review
• Low Glutathione as a Potential Causative Factor in Chronic Illness: A Narrative Review
• Oral Glutathione (250 mg/day) Reduces Melanin Index and Wrinkles in a 12-Week Randomized Skin Study
• Glutathione for Skin Lightening: A Narrative Review of Oral, Topical, and Intravenous Evidence
• Micellar Glutathione Produces 2.5-Fold Greater Systemic Exposure Than Standard Oral GSH in a Crossover Trial
• Six-Month Oral Glutathione Supplementation Increases Blood GSH by 30-35% in Healthy Adults
• Six-Month Oral Glutathione Reduces Oxidative DNA Damage and Raises Blood GSH in Elderly Type 2 Diabetic Patients
• One-Month Liposomal Glutathione Supplementation Elevates Blood GSH by up to 40% and Doubles PBMC Levels
• Short-Term Oral Glutathione Supplementation Does Not Improve Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Healthy Adults
• Semax and a Novel Derivative Improve Cognition and Reduce Amyloid Inclusions in a Mouse Alzheimer's Model
• Semax and PGP Increase Neuroglial and Endothelial Cell Proliferation in Normal and Ischemic Rat Brain
• Semax and PGP Stimulate Neuroglial, Endothelial, and Progenitor Cell Proliferation After Ischemia
• RNA-Seq Analysis Reveals 394 Differentially Expressed Genes After Semax Treatment in Rat Cerebral Ischemia
• Glutathione: Physiology, Depletion, Disease Associations, and Strategies to Restore Cellular Levels
• Genome-Wide Analysis Shows Semax Broadly Upregulates Immune and Vascular Genes in Ischemic Rat Brain
• Semax Inhibits Copper-Induced Amyloid-Beta Aggregation in Artificial Membrane Models
• Selank Improves Conditioned Avoidance Learning in Rats with Poor Baseline Performance
• Tuftsin-Family Peptides Including Selank Show Antistress Effects in Multiple Rodent Models
• Tirzepatide vs. Semaglutide for Obesity Without Diabetes: The SURMOUNT-5 Head-to-Head Trial
• Selank Attenuates Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Elevations in a Rat Social Stress Model
• The TRIUMPH Phase 3 Program: Design of Retatrutide Trials in Obesity, Obstructive Sleep Apnea, and Osteoarthritis
• Retatrutide for Obesity: Synthesis of Preclinical and Clinical Evidence
• Retatrutide as Monotherapy in Type 2 Diabetes: Phase 3 TRANSCEND-T2D-1 Trial Results
• Tirzepatide Efficacy and Safety in Non-Diabetic Overweight and Obesity: Meta-Analysis of Six Randomized Trials
• Retatrutide Early Clinical Promise and Outstanding Feasibility Questions: A Critical Narrative Review
• Retatrutide Triple Receptor Agonism: Preclinical Evidence, Phase 1-2 Clinical Findings, and Ongoing Phase 3 Development
• Retatrutide Significantly Reduces Body Weight and Metabolic Markers Across Randomized Trials: A Meta-Analysis
• Once-Weekly Subcutaneous Retatrutide Reduces Weight and Metabolic Markers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
• Tirzepatide for Obesity: Meta-Analysis of 12 RCTs Shows Significant Reductions in BMI, Waist Circumference, and Body Weight
• Tirzepatide Reduces Muscle Fat Infiltration While Preserving Muscle Volume Relative to Weight Change: SURPASS-3 MRI Substudy
• Tesamorelin Reduces Visceral Fat by 15% and Improves Lipid Profiles in HIV Patients: A 26-Week RCT
• Tesamorelin Reduces Both Visceral Adipose Tissue and Liver Fat in HIV-Infected Patients: A Randomized Trial
• GHRH Administration (Tesamorelin) Improves Executive Function in Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment and Healthy Controls
• Dose-Dependent Trunk Fat Reduction and IGF-1 Elevation with Tesamorelin in HIV Patients: A 12-Week RCT
• Tesamorelin Augments Pulsatile GH Secretion and Preserves Peripheral Insulin Sensitivity in Healthy Men
• Pooled Phase 3 Analysis (n=806) Confirms Tesamorelin Reduces VAT by ~15% and Improves Lipids in HIV
• Tesamorelin Reduces Visceral Fat ~18% Over 12 Months; Benefits Rapidly Lost After Discontinuation
• Tesamorelin Sustains Visceral Fat Reduction Over 52 Weeks with Acceptable Safety; Effects Reverse on Discontinuation
• Tesamorelin Does Not Impair Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes Patients Over 12 Weeks: A Randomized Trial
• Tesamorelin Produces a 37% Relative Reduction in Hepatic Fat in HIV-Associated NAFLD: A 12-Month Multicentre RCT
• SS-31 Partitions into Cardiolipin-Rich Lipid Bilayers and Modulates Mitochondrial Membrane Surface Electrostatics
• Single-Dose Elamipretide Acutely Increases In Vivo Mitochondrial ATP Production Capacity in Older Adults: A Randomized Crossover Trial
• Cross-Linking Mass Spectrometry Maps SS-31's Mitochondrial Protein Interaction Network to Oxidative Phosphorylation and 2-Oxoglutarate Metabolism Hubs
• A Single Dose of SS-31 Rapidly Reverses Age-Related Mitochondrial Energetic Deficits and Improves Skeletal Muscle Fatigue Resistance in Aged Mice
• SS-31 Protects Mitochondrial Cristae by Binding Cardiolipin and Inhibiting Cytochrome c Peroxidase Activity, Accelerating ATP Recovery After Renal Ischemia
• Eight Weeks of SS-31 Treatment Reverses Age-Related Redox Imbalance and Improves Treadmill Endurance in Aged Mice Without Increasing Mitochondrial Content
• Three Months of Daily Elamipretide Improves Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction and Mitochondrial Respiratory Function in a Canine Advanced Heart Failure Model
• Phase 2/3 Randomized Trial of Elamipretide in Barth Syndrome: Primary Endpoints Not Met at 12 Weeks; Functional Gains Observed in Open-Label Extension
• Elamipretide Restores Suppressed Renal Mitochondrial Superoxide and Attenuates Albuminuria and Glomerular Injury in db/db Diabetic Mice
• Elamipretide Preserves Mitochondrial Cristae Network Architecture and Improves Respiratory Function After Cardiac Ischemia-Reperfusion in Rats
• The Melanocortin-Derived Tripeptide KPV Reduces Murine Colitis Through a Partially MC1R-Independent Mechanism
• Biochemistry and Anti-Inflammatory Mechanisms of Alpha-MSH and KPV: A Comprehensive 2008 Endocrine Reviews Analysis
• The C-Terminal KPV Tripeptide Exerts Anti-Inflammatory Activity Independent of Classical Melanocortin Receptor Signaling
• (CKPV)₂ Inhibits Candida albicans Growth and Mucosal Inflammation by Driving Macrophage M2 Polarization via MC1R
• Alpha-MSH and KPV Trigger Intracellular Calcium Responses in Human Keratinocytes: Signaling Beyond cAMP
• KPV Suppresses NF-κB and Chemokine Secretion in Human Bronchial Epithelium via Nuclear Import Blockade; MC3R Agonism Operates Through a Distinct Receptor Route
• Hyaluronic Acid-Functionalized Nanoparticles Deliver KPV to Inflamed Colon and Outperform Free Peptide in a Murine Ulcerative Colitis Model
• A Cysteamine-Grafted γ-Polyglutamic Acid Hydrogel Provides Sustained KPV Release and Reduces TNBS-Induced Colitis in Rats
• Alpha-MSH and Its C-Terminal Fragment KPV as Preclinical Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulating Research Agents: A 2007 Review
• PepT1-Mediated Uptake of KPV Inhibits NF-κB and MAP Kinase Signaling in Intestinal Cells and Reduces Murine Colitis
• PepT1 Promotes Colitis-Associated Carcinogenesis, and KPV Tripeptide Reduces Tumor Burden in a PepT1-Dependent Manner
• GHK Peptide Modulates Gene Networks Relevant to Neuronal Function, Neuroprotection, and Cognitive Decline
• GHK Peptide Modulates Collagen Synthesis, Matrix Remodeling, and Angiogenesis Across Multiple Skin Regeneration Pathways
• PepT1 Mediates KPV Tripeptide Cellular Uptake and Is Required for Its NF-κB-Suppressing Anti-Inflammatory Activity
• BPC-157 Concentration-Dependently Upregulates Growth Hormone Receptor in Tendon Fibroblasts, Activating JAK2-STAT5 Signaling
• BPC-157 Exhibits Mucosal Healing, Anti-Inflammatory, and Cytoprotective Effects in Ulcerative Colitis Research Models
• GHK-Cu Peptide Modulates Over 4,000 Human Genes Linked to Regeneration, Anti-Inflammation, and Tissue Protection
• Thymosin β4 and Its Actin-Binding Tetrapeptide Promote Wound Repair in Diabetic and Aged Mice
• Thymosin β4 Accelerates Full-Thickness Wound Healing in Rats via Angiogenesis and Keratinocyte Migration
• BPC-157 in Musculoskeletal Soft Tissue Healing: Preclinical Evidence for Tendon, Ligament, and Muscle Repair
• Glutathione Loss in Regulatory T Cells Disrupts Serine Metabolism and Impairs Immune Suppression
• Glutathione and Skin Lightening: Evaluating the Evidence for Antimelanogenic Activity
• Glutathione: Updated Synthesis Pathways, Metabolic Roles, and Measurement Methods
• Glutathione in the Aging Brain: Antioxidant Roles, GSH Deficits, and Neurodegeneration
• γ-Glutamylcysteine Ligase as the Rate-Limiting Determinant of Cellular Glutathione Synthesis
• Ferroptosis: The GSH-GPx4 Axis as Central Regulator of Lipid Peroxidation-Driven Cell Death
• GSH and NAC Protect Against Acetaminophen Hepatotoxicity via Mitochondrial GSH Restoration and Energy Metabolism
• Mitochondrial Glutathione: Distinct Pool, Import Mechanisms, and Role in Disease
• Glutathione Peroxidase-1 in Health and Disease: Selenium Dependence, ROS Balance, and Disease Modulation
• Glutathione S-Transferases Detoxify the Carcinogenic PAH Methylcholanthrene via GSH Conjugation
• Semax Binds to Specific Receptors in Rat Basal Forebrain and Rapidly Increases Local BDNF Protein Levels After Intranasal Delivery
• Genome-Wide Transcriptomics Reveals Semax Broadly Regulates Immune and Vascular Gene Networks in Rat Focal Brain Ischemia
• Semax Rescues Anxiety, Learning Deficits, and Brain Monoamine Alterations Caused by Neonatal Fluvoxamine Exposure in Rats
• Semax's BDNF-Elevating and Dopamine-Modulating Properties Suggest Hypothetical Utility in ADHD and Rett Syndrome Research
• Semax Modulates VEGF Family Gene Expression in Ischemic Rat Brain, with Opposing Effects on Vegf-b and Vegf-d Relative to Ischemia Alone
• Semax and ACTH(6-9)PGP Counteract Acute Restraint Stress by Correcting Hippocampal Gene Expression Dysregulation in Rats
• Proteomic Profiling Confirms Semax Reduces MMP-9, c-Fos, and JNK While Activating CREB in Rat Ischemia-Reperfusion Brain
• Semax Elevates Striatal Serotonin Metabolites and Potentiates Amphetamine-Induced Dopamine Release in Rodents
• Semax Increases BDNF Protein and TrkB mRNA Levels in the Rat Hippocampus and Enhances Conditioned Learning
• Semax and Melanotan II Exert Antidepressant-Like Effects in a Chronic Unpredictable Stress Rat Model, Reversing Anhedonia and Normalizing Hippocampal BDNF
• MOTS-c Attenuates Immobilization-Induced Skeletal Muscle Atrophy by Suppressing Lipid Infiltration via PPAR Pathway Gene Regulation
• MOTS-c Improves Survival and Reduces Bacterial Load in MRSA-Infected Mice by Modulating Macrophage Function and Inflammatory Cytokines
• A Cell-Penetrating MOTS-c Analogue Enhances Memory and Attenuates Aβ- and LPS-Induced Memory Impairment by Inhibiting Neuroinflammation in Rodents
• MOTS-c Promotes Cold Adaptation by Enhancing Adipose Thermogenesis via ERK Signaling in Mice
• MOTS-c Prevents Ovariectomy-Induced Obesity and Insulin Resistance by Activating Adipose AMPK Signaling and Brown Fat
• Plasma MOTS-c Correlates with Insulin Sensitivity in Lean but Not Obese Humans: A Cross-Sectional Human Study
• MOTS-c Regulates Plasma Metabolite Profiles and Enhances Insulin Sensitivity by Reducing Sphingolipid, Monoacylglycerol, and Dicarboxylate Pathways in Obese Mice
• Long-Term Aerobic Training Elevates MOTS-c in Rodent Skeletal Muscle, and a Single Dose Improves Acute Exercise Performance
• MOTS-c Is an Exercise-Induced Mitochondrial Peptide That Regulates Age-Dependent Physical Decline and Muscle Homeostasis in Mice
• Selank Demonstrates Antiviral Activity Against Influenza H3N2 via Interferon-Alpha Induction in Preclinical Models
• Selank Administration Alters Expression of 45 GABAergic Neurotransmission Genes in Rat Frontal Cortex
• Selank Enhances Diazepam's Anxiolytic Effect Under Chronic Mild Stress Conditions in Rats
• Selank Prevents Ethanol-Induced Memory Impairment and Normalizes Hippocampal BDNF in Rats
• Intranasal Selank Regulates BDNF Expression in the Rat Hippocampus In Vivo
• Selank Modulates Th1/Th2 Cytokine Balance and IL-6 Signaling in Patients With Anxiety-Asthenic Disorders
• Selank Demonstrates Anxiolytic Efficacy With Mild Nootropic Effects and Sustained Action After Discontinuation in Anxiety Disorders
• Selank Demonstrates Anxiolytic Efficacy and Increases Enkephalin Activity in Patients With Generalized Anxiety and Neurasthenia
• Semax Promotes Spinal Cord Injury Recovery via Mu-Opioid Receptor Targeting and USP18-Mediated Deubiquitination in Female Mice
• Semax and Melanotan II Reverse CUS-Induced Anhedonia and Restore Hippocampal BDNF in Male Rats
• Semax Attenuates Behavioral and Physiological Effects of Chronic Unpredictable Stress in Rats
• Semax Regulates Immune Response Gene Expression During Ischemic Brain Injury in Rats: A Transcriptome Analysis
• Intranasal Semax Expands Default Mode Network Rostral Subcomponent in Healthy Volunteers: fMRI Evidence
• Semax Activates Striatal Serotonergic System and Potentiates Amphetamine-Induced Dopamine Release in Rodents
• Semax in Acute Hemispheric Ischemic Stroke: Clinical and Electrophysiological Monitoring Study
• Semax Increases Plasma BDNF and Accelerates Functional Recovery in Ischemic Stroke Patients
• Bremelanotide RECONNECT Phase 3 Subgroup Analyses: Consistency Across BMI, Age, and Testosterone Levels
• Co-Administration of Intranasal PT-141 and Sildenafil Enhances Erectile Response in Men With Erectile Dysfunction
• Bremelanotide Dose-Finding Trial in Premenopausal Women With Female Sexual Dysfunctions
• Long-Term Bremelanotide Safety and Efficacy: 52-Week RECONNECT Open-Label Extension
• Bremelanotide Safety Profile Across 43 Clinical Studies and 3,500 Subjects
• Intranasal PT-141 Produced Significant Erectile Responses in Healthy Men and Mild-to-Moderate ED Patients in a Double-Blind Trial
• Subcutaneous PT-141 Produced Significant Erectile Responses in Healthy Men and in Patients Unresponsive to Viagra
• Melanotan 2 Injections and UV Tanning Caused Multiple Darkened Melanocytic Nevi in a Teenager with FAMMM Syndrome
• Qualitative Analysis of Online Forums Reveals Motivations, Misinformation, and Safety Risks Among Melanotan II Users
• LC/MS/MS Method Developed to Quantify Melanotan II in Rat Plasma and Characterize Its Intravenous Pharmacokinetics
• Melanotan II Preserved Anorectic and Thermogenic Efficacy in Diet-Induced Obese Rats Despite Reduced MC3/MC4 Receptor Expression
• Melanotan II Suppresses Feeding and Upregulates Brown Adipose UCP1 in Developing Rats Before Full Hypothalamic Maturation
• Dietary Fat Content — Not Obesity — Determines the Feeding-Inhibitory Efficacy of Melanotan II in Rats
• Melanoma Diagnosed in a Young Woman Following Melanotan II Use and Sunbed Tanning: A Dermatology Case Report
• Melanotan II Injection Caused Systemic Sympathomimetic Toxicity and Rhabdomyolysis: A Case Report
• NMN Supplementation Increased Skeletal Muscle Insulin Sensitivity and Signaling in Prediabetic Postmenopausal Women
• NMN Supplementation Raised Blood NAD+, Maintained Walking Speed, and Improved Sleep Quality in Older Adults Over 12 Weeks
• NMN Protected the Heart from Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury via the Nampt-Sirt1 Pathway in Mice
• Hippocampal NAD+ Decline Drives Cognitive Hypersensitivity in Aging Mice, and NMN Supplementation Improves Sensory Processing
• Chronic NMN Supplementation Elevated Blood NAD+ and Nominally Improved Gait Speed and Grip Strength in Older Men
• 24-Week NMN Supplementation Was Safe but Did Not Significantly Improve Physical Performance in Older Men with Diabetes
• Single Oral Doses of NMN Were Safe and Increased Nicotinamide Metabolites in Healthy Japanese Men
• GHK-Cu Reduces Inflammatory Response in LPS-Induced Acute Lung Injury in Mice via NF-κB and p38 MAPK Suppression
• Intranasal GHK-Cu Delays Cognitive Impairment and Reduces Amyloid Plaques in 5xFAD Alzheimer's Disease Mice
• GHK-Cu Attenuates Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis in Mice via Nrf2, NF-κB, and TGFβ1/Smad2/3 Pathways
• GHK Modulates Gene Expression Relevant to Nervous System Function and Counteracts Cognitive Decline Signatures
• GHK-Cu as a Candidate Against Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration: A Review of the Evidence
• GHK as a Naturally Occurring Anti-Aging Peptide: Declining Serum Levels and Preclinical Evidence for Tissue and Cognitive Benefits
• GHK-Cu Reduces Neutrophil Migration, Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines, and Oxidative Stress in Zebrafish Larvae
• Structure-Activity Studies Derived from the Ipamorelin Scaffold Yield Orally Active GH Secretagogue Candidates
• Ipamorelin Accelerates Gastric Emptying and Restores Smooth Muscle Contractility in a Rat POI Model
• Randomized Controlled Trial of Ipamorelin for Postoperative Ileus After Bowel Resection: Tolerability Confirmed, Efficacy Inconclusive
• Ipamorelin Stimulates Longitudinal Bone Growth in a Dose-Dependent Manner in Adult Rats
• Ipamorelin and GHRP-6 Increase Bone Mineral Content in Adult Female Rats via Bone Dimensional Growth
• Ipamorelin Counteracts Glucocorticoid-Induced Reductions in Muscle Strength and Bone Formation in Rats
• PK-PD Modeling of Ipamorelin in Human Volunteers: Dose-Proportional Kinetics and GH Response Characterisation
• Ipamorelin Pharmacokinetics: Lower Clearance Than GHRP-6 and ~20% Intranasal Bioavailability in Rats
• Phase 2 Trial of Ipamorelin for Postoperative Ileus in Bowel Resection: Safety Confirmed, Primary Efficacy Endpoint Not Met
• PK/PD Modeling of Ipamorelin in Human Volunteers: Short Half-Life with Potent GH Stimulation
• Ipamorelin Accelerates GI Transit and Reduces Postoperative Ileus Symptoms in Rats
• Once-Daily CJC-1295 Normalises Growth in GHRH Knockout Mice: Preclinical Evidence
• CJC-1295 Produces Sustained, Dose-Dependent GH and IGF-I Increases in Healthy Adults: A Randomized Trial
• How Albumin Bioconjugation Extends CJC-1295's Half-Life: Identification of a Long-Lasting GHRH Analog
• Pharmacokinetics of Ipamorelin in Rats: IV Clearance, Urinary Excretion, and Nasal Bioavailability
• Ipamorelin: The First Selective Growth Hormone Secretagogue — Original Pharmacology
• Thymosin Beta-4-Mediated Cardiac Protection: Anti-Inflammatory, Pro-Survival, and Neovascularization Mechanisms in Ischemic Heart Disease
• BPC-157 Demonstrates Osteogenic Efficacy in a Rabbit Segmental Bone Defect Model, Comparable to Autologous Bone Grafting
• Injury-Induced Thymosin Beta-4 Upregulation Drives Myoblast Chemotaxis to Facilitate Skeletal Muscle Regeneration
• BPC-157 Heals Cysteamine Colitis and Colon Anastomosis While Counteracting Cuprizone-Induced Brain and Motor Damage in Rats
• Thymosin Beta-4 as a Corneal Wound Healing and Anti-Inflammatory Research Agent: Mechanisms and Evidence
• BPC-157 Attenuates Traumatic Brain Injury Damage and Improves Early Outcomes in a Falling-Weight Mouse Model
• Thymosin Beta-4 Promotes Hair Growth via Stem Cell Migration, Differentiation, and Protease Production in Follicle Bulge Cells
• BPC-157 Induces Endothelium-Dependent Vasodilation via the Src-Caveolin-1-eNOS Nitric Oxide Signaling Pathway
• Thymosin Beta-4 Promotes Cardiomyocyte Survival, Migration, and Improved Cardiac Function After Coronary Artery Ligation in Mice
• BPC-157 Improves Medial Collateral Ligament Healing After Surgical Transection in Rats via Multiple Delivery Routes
• Chronic Thymosin Beta-4 Administration in Dystrophin-Deficient Mice Increases Regenerating Skeletal Muscle Fibers But Does Not Improve Strength or Cardiac Function
• Thymosin Beta-4 as a Corneal Wound Healing and Anti-Inflammatory Agent: A Review of Preclinical Evidence
• Thymosin Beta-4 Promotes Hair Growth by Activating Hair Follicle Stem Cell Migration, Differentiation, and MMP-2 Expression
• Thymosin Beta-4 Acts as a Chemoattractant for Myoblasts Following Skeletal Muscle Injury in Mice
• Thymosin Beta-4 Reduces Mortality and Downregulates Inflammatory Mediators in Endotoxin-Induced Septic Shock in Mice
• Thymosin Beta-4 Initiated 6 Hours Post-Injury Reduces Brain Damage and Improves Functional Recovery in Rats with Traumatic Brain Injury
• Recombinant Human Thymosin Beta-4 Improves Cardiac Function After Ischemia/Reperfusion in Mice and Shows Signal in a Randomized STEMI Trial
• BPC-157 Reduces Tissue Inflammation and Alveolar Bone Loss in a Rat Model of Experimental Periodontitis
• BPC-157 Promotes Healing of Segmental Bone Defects in Rabbits, Comparable to Bone Marrow and Autologous Graft
• BPC-157 Reverses Liver Fibrosis and Portal Hypertension in a Rat Bile Duct Ligation Model
• BPC-157 and Gastrointestinal Fistula Healing: Preclinical Evidence Across External and Internal Fistula Models in Rats
• BPC-157 and the Central Nervous System: Preclinical Evidence Across Stroke, Schizophrenia Models, and Spinal Cord Injury
• BPC-157 Modulates Vasomotor Tone via the Src-Caveolin-1-eNOS Signaling Pathway in Isolated Rat Aorta
• Preclinical ADME Profile of BPC-157: Pharmacokinetics, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion in Rats and Dogs
• Retatrutide Improves Steatohepatitis in a Novel 31-Day Accelerated Mouse Model of Diet-Induced Liver Disease
• Retatrutide Reduces Total Fat Mass in Type 2 Diabetes: DXA Substudy of a Phase 2 Randomized Trial
• Retatrutide for Obesity: Efficacy and Safety Across Randomized Controlled Trials — A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
• Triple Hormone Receptor Agonism: Retatrutide's Potential Role in Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome — A Comprehensive Review
• Retatrutide Increases Myocardial Contractile Force in Isolated Human Atrial Tissue via the cAMP System
• Retatrutide Produces Dose-Dependent Liver Fat Reduction in MASLD: Phase 2a Randomized Trial Findings
• The Triple Receptor Agonist Retatrutide Delays Gastric Emptying: Preclinical and Clinical Evidence
• Tirzepatide Is an Imbalanced and Biased Dual GIP and GLP-1 Receptor Agonist: Pharmacological Characterization
• Tirzepatide Is Associated with Reduced Albuminuria Across the SURPASS-1–5 Clinical Trial Program
• Tirzepatide Significantly Reduces Apnea-Hypopnea Index in Obstructive Sleep Apnea with Obesity: The SURMOUNT-OSA Trials
• Cryo-EM and Molecular Dynamics Reveal the Structural Basis of Tirzepatide's Dual Incretin Receptor Agonism
• Tirzepatide Resolves Metabolic-Associated Steatohepatitis Without Worsening Fibrosis: The SYNERGY-NASH Phase 2 Trial
• Tirzepatide Reduces Cardiovascular Events and Improves Health Status in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction and Obesity: The SUMMIT Trial
• Phase 1 Pharmacokinetics and Tolerability of Tirzepatide in Japanese Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: Multiple-Ascending Dose Study
• Semaglutide and 12-Month Neurological and Psychiatric Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes: A Propensity-Score Matched Cohort Study
• Weekly Semaglutide Versus Daily Liraglutide for Weight Loss: The STEP 8 Head-to-Head Trial
• Semaglutide Reduces Symptoms and Improves Exercise Capacity in Obesity-Related HFpEF: The STEP-HFpEF Trial
• Population Pharmacokinetic Model of Semaglutide Reveals Consistent, Weight-Dependent Kinetics Across Populations
• Semaglutide Significantly Improves Beta Cell Function and Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Trial
• Subcutaneous Semaglutide Resolves NASH Histology But Does Not Significantly Improve Fibrosis in Phase 2 Trial
• Pharmacokinetics of Once-Weekly Subcutaneous Semaglutide in Healthy Chinese Subjects: Phase 1 Trial
• MOTS-c: A Mitochondrial-Derived Peptide with Metabolic, Anti-Aging, and Cardiovascular Research Potential
• Selank Acts as a Positive Allosteric Modulator of GABA Receptors: Molecular Mechanism Research
• Selank and Semax Differentially Alter Amygdala Functional Connectivity in Healthy Human Participants
• Semax Broadly Alters Immune and Vascular Gene Expression in Ischemized Rat Brain Cortex
• Semax Regulates BDNF and TrkB Expression in the Rat Hippocampus, Influencing Cognitive Function
• Melanocortin Receptors and Penile Erection: Mechanisms, Receptor Subtypes, and the Role of PT-141
• PT-141 as a Central Melanocortin Agonist for Sexual Dysfunction: Early Preclinical and Clinical Evidence
• Neurobiological Mechanisms of Bremelanotide in Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder: A Review
• Melanotan-II Enhances Proceptive Sexual Behaviors in Hormone-Primed Female Rats
• Pilot Phase I Evaluation of Melanotan-II: Melanotropic Activity, Tanning, and Erectile Effects in Healthy Male Volunteers
• NMN Supplementation Elevates NAD+ Metabolism and Shows Potential to Reduce Arterial Stiffness in Healthy Middle-Aged Adults
• Oral NMN Supplementation Is Safe and Raises Blood NAD+ in Healthy Adults: A Placebo-Controlled Trial
• Role and Potential Mechanisms of NMN in Countering Aging Biology: A Review
• GHK Peptide as a Natural Modulator of Multiple Cellular Pathways: A Review
• Regenerative and Protective Actions of GHK-Cu in the Light of New Gene Data
• GHK and GHK-Cu Activate Tissue Remodeling Processes: A Review of Mechanisms and Evidence
• Ipamorelin Dose-Dependently Increases Longitudinal Bone Growth Rate and Body Weight in Rats
• Ipamorelin: The First GHRP-Receptor Agonist with Selective GH Release and No ACTH or Cortisol Stimulation
• CJC-1295 Maintains Pulsatile GH Secretion While Markedly Elevating Trough GH Levels in Healthy Men
• CJC-1295 Produces Sustained, Dose-Dependent GH and IGF-I Elevations for Up to 28 Days in Healthy Adults
• Thymosin Beta-4 Accelerates Wound Healing via Keratinocyte Migration, Collagen Deposition, and Angiogenesis in Rats
• Thymosin β4: Multi-Functional Biology and Research Applications in Repair and Regeneration
• Thymosin β4 Accelerates Dermal Wound Healing in Animal Models and Phase 2 Clinical Trials
• BPC-157 in Orthopaedic Sports Medicine: A Systematic Review of Preclinical and Clinical Evidence
• BPC-157 and Wound Healing: Multi-Model Preclinical Evidence and Proposed Mechanisms
• BPC-157 in Tissue Repair and Pain Modulation: A Review of Preclinical and Emerging Clinical Evidence
• Cryo-EM Structures of Retatrutide Bound to GLP-1R, GIPR, and GCGR Reveal Its Triple Agonism
• Retatrutide in Type 2 Diabetes: Phase 2 Trial Shows Dose-Dependent HbA1c and Weight Reductions
• Phase 2 Trial of Retatrutide for Obesity: Up to 24.2% Body Weight Reduction at 48 Weeks
• Tirzepatide as a Dual GIP/GLP-1 Receptor Co-Agonist: Clinical Evidence and Mechanistic Questions
• SURPASS-1: Tirzepatide Monotherapy Reduced HbA1c by Up to 2.07% in Treatment-Naive Type 2 Diabetes
• SURPASS-5: Tirzepatide Added to Insulin Glargine Significantly Reduced HbA1c in Type 2 Diabetes
• Multisystem Adverse Events of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists: Mechanisms and Management
• Semaglutide 2.4 mg for Obesity: Mechanism, Efficacy, and Cardiometabolic Effects
• How Semaglutide Works: Molecular Mechanisms Beyond Blood Glucose Control